![]() ![]() ![]() Risk-based approaches are excellent tools to aid in the decision-making process of planning maintenance and implementation of risk mitigation measures with the ultimate goal of reducing risk and increasing resilience. This paper is developed within the H2020 project SAFEWAY, whose main goal is to increase the resilience of terrestrial transportation infrastructure. Keeping transport links open in adverse conditions and being able to restore connections quickly after extreme events are important and demanding tasks for infrastructure owners/operators. Moreover, modelling outputs from a case study in the Santarém region (Portugal) indicated that in analyzing the flood impacts on a traffic network, even non-flooded infrastructures must be taken into account because of their service disruption. By comparing the traffic analysis results (travel time, travelled distance and street speed changes) in normal and flooded situations, the impact of flooding on a transportation network could be examined. This simulation is capable of considering the road network model, assigning trip paths with the impact of road closures and speed reductions, and evaluating travel time and vehicle volume redistribution in a given disruption scenario. A mesoscopic simulation was applied to identify the traffic disruption in the face of flood events. In this work, two static and dynamic traffic models are applied to a study zone for quantification of the performance and functionality of the network during the flood and after the failure of infrastructure components. ![]() To investigate how flooding can affect road transportation, it is essential to analyze interaction during the flood event itself, as well as on the following days. The key aspect for the quantification of indirect impacts of flooding is the assessment of the disruption of the transportation service considering social and economic consequences. Perspective research could further improve this work by applying a system-risk analysis to multiple urban infrastructures. The study highlights that resilience is enhanced by systemic risk-informed planning, which ensures timely interventions on critical infrastructures however, for indirect impacts and cascade effects, temporal and spatial scales are difficult to define. When interdependencies are accounted for, results showed that the risk to the WSS in terms of population equivalent (PE/year) can be reduced by 71.5 % and 41.8 %, if timely repairs to the WSS stations are accomplished by 60 and 120 min respectively the risk to WSS in terms of pipe length (km yr−1) reduces by 53.1 % and 15.6 %. The study presents an application to the metropolitan area of Florence (Italy). The analysis is focused on the identification of (i) common impact metrics, (ii) vulnerable elements exposed to the flood, (iii) similarities and differences of the methodological aspects for the two networks, and (iv) risks due to systemic interdependency. Two methods are used for assessing the impacts on the WSS and on the road network: a pressure-driven demand network model and a transport network disruption model respectively. ![]() The evaluation of indirect flood impacts on the two networks is carried out for four flooding scenarios, obtained by a coupled 1D–quasi-2D hydraulic model. the water distribution system (WSS) and the road network system. This work presents the risk analysis of two linear infrastructure systems, i.e. Linear critical infrastructures (such as roads and pipes) have an interconnected nature that may lead to failure propagation, so that impacts extend far beyond the inundated areas and/or period. Indirect impacts are not due to the physical contact with flood water but result, for example, from the reduced performance of infrastructures. Whereas the assessment of direct impacts is well advanced, the evaluation of indirect impacts is less frequently achieved. Floods are one of the most frequent and damaging natural threats worldwide. ![]()
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